Qualitative coding approaches to menu analysis in gastronomy: A proposed framework for Michelin- starred restaurants

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to develop a multidimensional and systematic coding framework for the qualitative content analysis of Michelin-starred restaurant menus. Although menu analysis in gastronomy research has traditionally focused on quantitative indicators such as cost, profitability and sales performance, there is a lack of standardised qualitative approaches capable of capturing menus’ cultural, technical, creative and sustainability-related dimensions. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts a qualitative research design based on document-based qualitative content analysis. A hybrid analytical strategy combining deductive and inductive coding was used. Data consisted of Michelin-starred restaurant menus, Michelin Guide evaluation texts and official restaurant documents. All materials were analysed using MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software to ensure systematic coding and analytical transparency. Findings – The analysis resulted in the development of a reproducible coding framework comprising eight main categories: price indicators; locality and regionality; international culinary influences; culinary techniques and practices; creativity and innovation; classical gastronomic norms; sustainability and Michelin Green Star narratives; and presentation and menu design. The framework enables the systematic examination of menus as multilayered texts that communicate gastronomic value, cultural positioning and symbolic meaning beyond economic performance. Research limitations/implications – This study has certain limitations. Firstly, the framework is developed within the context of Michelin-starred restaurants, which represent highly curated and institutionally regulated gastronomic environments. While this enhances analytical depth, it may limit the generalisability of the framework to other restaurant types. Secondly, the analysis relies exclusively on documentary sources. Future research may strengthen the framework by integrating additional data collection methods, such as interviews or observational approaches, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of menu practices. Practical implications – The proposed framework offers practical implications for research, education and the gastronomy sector. It provides researchers with a structured and reproducible analytical tool for comparative menu studies across different contexts. For educators, it can be integrated into gastronomy and hospitality curricula to support analytical thinking and critical interpretation of menu texts. For practitioners, particularly chefs and restaurant managers, the framework can guide the development of menus that more effectively communicate sustainability, locality and cultural narratives, thereby enhancing consumer awareness and engagement. Social implications – This study highlights the broader societal role of menus by conceptualising them as communicative texts rather than purely commercial instruments. The proposed framework enables a more transparent understanding of how sustainability, locality and cultural narratives are conveyed to diners, potentially supporting more informed consumption practices. By increasing the visibility of ethical sourcing and culinary traditions, the study contributes to ongoing discussions on responsible gastronomy and the role of menu communication in shaping public awareness and attitudes towards food systems. Originality/value – This study contributes to gastronomy research by repositioning menu analysis from a predominantly technical and managerial tool to an autonomous field of qualitative and interpretive inquiry. The proposed coding framework offers a flexible and transferable methodological foundation for future empirical, comparative and cross-cultural studies on fine-dining and Michelin-starred restaurants.